The consolidation of a communitas of States is once again examined through a series of distinctions (écarts) between Hobbes’ concept of mercantilist societas and Rousseau’s communitarian perspective. Similar tensions emerge in the property theories advanced by Locke and Pufendorf. Understanding the progressive development of exclusionary identity relies on examining the emergence of private property, particularly as it relates to land exploitation. The establishment of ius gentium as a body of law governing States is further illustrated through De Vattel’s framework. However, these theoretical positions are not uniform; notable divergences can also be observed within Kant’s cosmopolitanism.