The elbow is one of the most commonly injured joints in sports. Common elbow injuries in sports include tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, valgus extension overload syndrome (VEOS), ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury, fractures, dislocations, and osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Pathologies are often sport specific. It is important to differentiate between overuse and traumatic injuries as well as between medial and lateral elbow pathologies. A careful physical examination should start with inspection and palpation, then range of motion should be assessed, both in flexion and extension, as well as in pronation and supination. Specific tests should be carried out to identify the most common elbow-related pathologies and strength testing should be performed. To avoid potential misdiagnosis, cervical spine and shoulder function should also be always evaluated in patients who complain of elbow pain.