This chapter discusses addiction to nonalcohol sedative-hypnotics, which include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and non-benzodiazepine agents. Benzodiazepine dependence will be the focus of this chapter, given how prevalent it is in today’s society. Sedative-hypnotics can be used safely and effectively to treat severe anxiety, panic, and phobia disorders. Dependence can be prevented if the medications are prescribed at reasonable doses for limited periods of time. Clinicians must educate patients about the signs of dependence and symptoms of withdrawal prior to prescribing these agents.