Hypospadias
摘要
Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the urogenital tract in boys. It has a wide range of presentation, and various types of hypospadias are classified mainly according to the location of the meatus. Although its pathophysiology is poorly understood, several environmental, placental, hormonal and genetic factors have been identified to play a role in the development of hypospadias. Most hypospadias patients are easily diagnosed at birth (except for the megameatus intact prepuce variant that can only be seen after retraction of foreskin). The main goal of surgical reconstruction is to restore normal penile function and achieve an acceptable genital appearance without curvature. Wound care and postoperative dressing and treatment are critical for a satisfactory outcome. Although hypospadias can be corrected at any age, the European Association of Urology Guidelines recommend correction between 6 and 18 months of life. Long-term follow-up is necessary up to adolescence to detect late complications.