African horse sickness (AHS) is a World Organisation for Animal Health listed disease. It is an infectious, non-contagious, arthropod-borne disease of equids, caused by a virus of the same name, African horse sickness virus (AHSV). Transmission primarily occurs by hematophagous arthropods of the genus Culicoides; thus, the disease incidence coincides with vector prevalence. AHS is enzootic to sub-Saharan Africa, though sporadic outbreaks have been reported in Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. The disease is classified as one of four types: a pulmonary form, a cardiac form, a mixed form (pulmonary and cardiac), and a subclinical to mild form referred to as “horse sickness fever.” Morbidity and mortality associated with each presentation result from a combination of several factors including pre-existing immunity, current status of health, and viral serotype. In addition, genetics associated with the host species plays a key role in disease development; horses are the most susceptible while the African wild ass and zebra appear to be highly resistant and may serve as reservoirs. Dogs are the only non-equid animal in which AHS has been reported and no evidence exists to support the zoonotic potential of the virus. In enzootic areas, diagnosis is frequently based on signalment, history, and clinical signs; though confirmation requires laboratory testing. Prevention relies upon vector control, limitation of equid movement, and vaccination. Therapeutic options focus on supportive care and rest, though secondary infections or exacerbation of co-morbidities may necessitate additional therapy. The socioeconomic ramifications of AHS largely relate to loss of owner income due to quarantine, recovery, or death of working animals.