The bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue disease (BT), is an insect-borne pathogen that primarily affects ruminants. As the prototype virus within the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae, BTV is predominantly transmitted by Culicoides midges, which serve as its biological vectors. This virus has a global distribution, with documented cases on all continents except Antarctica. The virus encompasses at least 36 serotypes (designated BTV-1 to BTV-36), each conferring lifelong immunity specific to its strain, although cross-protection between serotypes is not observed. All ruminants are susceptible to BTV, but clinical manifestations are most frequently reported in sheep. Common clinical signs include fever, excessive salivation, nasal discharge, hyperemia, edema, and ulceration of the oral mucosa. Pregnant animals may experience abortion or give birth to deformed offspring. Infections can also be asymptomatic, with disease severity influenced by factors such as species, breed, age, immune status, and the specific serotype/strain of the virus. Goats tend to exhibit lower susceptibility and milder symptoms compared to other ruminants. While cattle can develop clinical disease, infections are often subclinical. However, the prolonged viremia in cattle plays a critical role in viral transmission. During the European BTV-8 outbreak, affected cattle frequently experienced reduced milk production and teat lesions. Recognized for its significant economic impact, bluetongue has been classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organisation for Animal Health.