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First percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was described by Fernstrom and Johansson in 1976 followed by various modifications to reduce the complications of standard PCNL variably reported as between 4% and 50% due to the variations in describing them. First rigid ureteroscopy was in 1980 followed by evolution to semi-rigid and flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS) as a mainstay endourologic procedure for majority of renal and ureteral stones in the present era. In this chapter we would be focusing on the complications of PCNL and URS, with a discussion on incidence, risk factors and management.

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Complications in Endoscopic Procedures

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Florian Wimpissinger,
  • Mahesh Desai,
  • Niramya Pathak

摘要

First percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was described by Fernstrom and Johansson in 1976 followed by various modifications to reduce the complications of standard PCNL variably reported as between 4% and 50% due to the variations in describing them. First rigid ureteroscopy was in 1980 followed by evolution to semi-rigid and flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS) as a mainstay endourologic procedure for majority of renal and ureteral stones in the present era. In this chapter we would be focusing on the complications of PCNL and URS, with a discussion on incidence, risk factors and management.