Plants obtain their energy-producing carbohydrates from photosynthesis, which in turn are diverted into various primary and secondary metabolites. Plant secondary metabolites are present in diverse chemical nature in plants, and such plants are called medicinal plants. These medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules are not only the basis of traditional medicine but several metabolites are used in modern therapy, including diseases like cancer, and there is no alternative to these molecules. Exploiting medicinal plants for their bioactive molecules exerts pressure on natural resources, leading to endangering plants. Alternative biotechnologies relieve this pressure on plants and help their conservation. In this brief introductory chapter, we have summarized the primary and secondary metabolites, their biosynthesis, storage, degradation, and transport, metabolomics study to obtain in-depth information, the biological and ecological roles they play, biotechnological interventions such as cell cultures, hairy root cultures, elicitation, and gene editing to enhance the production, and problems associated with study and production of metabolites are discussed. It is concluded that a breakthrough in technology is needed to develop a more commercially viable and cost-effective high-production system.