Patch and Landscape Metrics Applied to Urban Green Space Analysis Aiming to Detect Habitat Availability to Birds and Bats in Ponta Grossa, a Medium-Sized City in Brazil
摘要
The challenge faced by urban managers is not only to keep many small, isolated green spaces functional but to ensure that species can move freely between them when surrounded by a landscape highly modified by man. To validate that such areas were ecologically meaningful, we compared bat and bird species composition and richness throughout the urban-wildland ecotone to an intra-urban core of a medium-sized Neotropical city in southern Brazil. We applied patch and landscape metrics in the GIS interface to vegetation polygons considering composition parameters related to area, shape, and connectivity. We selected the metrics that best fit in Fragstats 4.2 to assess the landscape’s ability to support habitats for regional birds and bats diversity. We evaluated squares, woodlands, riparian forests, and wooded streets that comprise only 13% of the Ponta Grossa urban green spaces. Previous studies registered 61 species of birds that represent circa 38% of the regional avian diversity, and 8 species of bats (50% of bat regional diversity). In the three major woodland areas previously, there are 142 shrub and tree taxa (diversity H′ ranging from 3.68 to 3.87) whereas in 656 wooded streets there are 89 tree species planted, circa 68% of no natives. We considered that squares, riparian forests, and wooded streets hardly could be functional corridors for most species, however, woodlands present significant areas and are next enough to connect structurally as functionally generalist bird and bat species. This framework probably affects the long-term persistence of some bird and bat communities. Therefore, to increase the ability of these urban green spaces to preserve biodiversity, efforts should be made to enhance the landscape functional connectivity by, for instance, increasing the area covered by wooded streets ideally with native species, and restoring the riparian forests.