Nutrient acquisition is a fundamental aspect of bacterial survival, growth, and pathogenicity. In diverse environments—from the human gut to aquatic ecosystems—bacteria must navigate fluctuating nutrient environments, often competing with other microbes and host cells for essential resources. This chapter explores the complex strategies bacteria employ to acquire nutrients and how these processes influence microbial physiology, interspecies interactions, and disease outcomes. Through a synthesis of recent studies, the chapter highlights the dynamic interplay between nutrient availability, microbial metabolism, and host–pathogen interactions.