Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains one of the most significant microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, posing a major global health challenge and representing the leading cause of preventable visual disability among working-age adults. The onset and progression of DR, driven by chronic hyperglycemia-induced damage to the retinal microvasculature, result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from non-proliferative changes to vision-threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Visual impairment due to DR not only affects ocular function but profoundly impacts an individual’s psychological well-being, quality of life, employment, and social independence. Additionally, it imposes a considerable burden on caregivers and healthcare systems, particularly in low-resource settings. This entry provides an in-depth overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, and clinical impact of DR. It explores current diagnostic strategies—including imaging and screening protocols—and treatment options such as laser photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, and vitrectomy. Emphasis is placed on the essential role of interprofessional collaboration among ophthalmologists, endocrinologists, rehabilitation specialists, and primary care providers in the management of DR and its associated visual disability. Furthermore, this entry highlights public health strategies for early detection and prevention, particularly in underserved populations. Emerging innovations in artificial intelligence, digital health, and personalized medicine are transforming the landscape of DR screening and management, offering hope for better outcomes and reduced disease burden. Ultimately, addressing DR-related visual disability requires a holistic, patient-centered approach that integrates clinical care, rehabilitation, and systemic disease control.