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Cancer staging determines disease extent. Stage determines prognosis and treatment. Staging systems in the 1920s and 1930s for rectal cancer subsequently were extended to include both colon and rectal cancer as well as metastatic disease. Determinants of stage include degree of bowel wall penetration, lymph node involvement, and distant metastases. Currently, the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) system serves as a global standard.

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Evolution of Colorectal Cancer Staging

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • James S. Wu,
  • Shu-Jane Shen,
  • Amer A. Hanano

摘要

Cancer staging determines disease extent. Stage determines prognosis and treatment. Staging systems in the 1920s and 1930s for rectal cancer subsequently were extended to include both colon and rectal cancer as well as metastatic disease. Determinants of stage include degree of bowel wall penetration, lymph node involvement, and distant metastases. Currently, the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) system serves as a global standard.