This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of bone grafting in dental and maxillofacial surgery, focusing on the selection and application of various graft materials such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetic alternatives. It critically evaluates their effectiveness in treating defects in the maxillary and mandibular regions, emphasizing their role in osteogenesis and implant success. The text also discusses the nuances of different bone harvesting techniques and their impact on patient outcomes. By integrating clinical study findings, the chapter provides essential insights into the challenges and advancements in bone grafting, making it a valuable resource for practitioners in the fields of implant dentistry and craniofacial reconstruction.