This chapter reviews occupational hazards in oral and maxillofacial surgery across five domains: physical (repetitive strain, posture, radiation, noise/vibration), chemical (waste anesthetic gases, disinfectants), biological (aerosols, bloodborne pathogens), psychosocial (burnout, fatigue, workplace violence), and industry-linked trauma patterns. We integrate epidemiology, exposure science, and human factors to link mechanisms—sustained cervical flexion, fine-motor load, scatter radiation, acoustic peaks, chemical sensitizers, and bioaerosol generation—to outcomes including musculoskeletal pain, ocular risk, hearing effects, respiratory disease, infection, and cognitive impairment. Evidence-based controls follow the hierarchy: workflow and workspace redesign, engineered extraction/ventilation and shielding, administrative strategies such as microbreaks and fatigue-risk management, and task-appropriate PPE. Regulatory frameworks (ICRP recommendations and EU basic safety standards) are translated to imaging practice, while programmatic elements—checklists, surveillance, vaccination and post-exposure pathways, and institutional violence prevention—align occupational health with patient safety. The result is a practical, systems-level playbook for OMS teams that balances diagnostic and therapeutic benefit with clinician protection, emphasizing justification and optimization in imaging, point-source aerosol control, and ergonomics embedded in routine operative flow.