Lagomorpha is an ancient order of placental mammals with an evolutionary history exceeding 50 million years, comprising two extant families, Ochotonidae and Leporidae, whose diversification has been shaped by climatic change, geological processes, and habitat heterogeneity. In Middle and South America, lagomorph diversity is represented by the genera Romerolagus, Sylvilagus, and Lepus, with particularly high levels of endemism in Mexico and montane regions of Middle and South America, reflecting historical isolation, habitat specialization, and complex biogeographic histories associated with the Great American Biotic Interchange and Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Across the region, lagomorphs occupy a wide range of ecosystems and play key ecological roles such as herbivores, ecosystem engineers, and keystone prey species, influencing vegetation structure, nutrient cycling, and trophic dynamics. Despite their ecological and evolutionary importance, many Neotropical lagomorphs remain poorly studied, with unresolved taxonomy, limited ecological data, and frequent classification as Data Deficient, which constrains robust conservation assessment and management. Habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, introduced predators, climate change, and emerging diseases pose increasing threats, particularly to narrowly distributed and highly specialized taxa. Effective conservation therefore requires integrative taxonomic and ecological research, improved population monitoring, and strategies that explicitly account for habitat diversity and fine-scale microhabitat complexity as key determinants of lagomorph persistence in the Neotropics.