Innovation and Networks
摘要
Network approaches play a prominent role in describing the coordination of innovations. This is not least due to the fact that innovation networks in the form of business networks and heterogeneous networks have become increasingly widespread over the last three decades, whereas network approaches have dominated social science innovation research. This article presents three perspectives on networks in relation to the coordination of innovations. In a first step, sociological approaches are discussed that see networks as the third important form of coordination for innovations alongside the market and hierarchy. In a second step, the article presents concepts from the field of science and technology studies that generally understand innovation as the formation of networks. Here, the coordination perspective leads to the question of how innovations take place as processes of networking heterogeneous entities. In a third step, innovation concepts are presented that open up the subject matter by means of formal network analysis.