This chapter examines the critical yet often marginalized domain of social and cultural ecosystem services (SCES) within sustainability frameworks. While ecosystem services discourse has traditionally prioritized biophysical and economic dimensions, this work argues that social and cultural components, encompassing spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreation, aesthetic experiences, and cultural heritage are essential for comprehensive understanding of human-nature relationships and effective environmental governance. Ecosystems services evaluation approaches creating new features for social behavioral transformation as per their needs and constructing social actions through participatory design. The chapter identifies key methodological challenges in SCES assessment, including conceptual ambiguities, epistemological tensions between universalism and contextual specificity, resource-intensive qualitative approaches, and limitations of monetary valuation methods that often fail to capture relational and intrinsic values. It systematically reviews assessment methodologies across qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches, highlighting participatory mapping, ethnographic studies, social-ecological network analysis, and integrated assessment models as promising frameworks. The article presents four detailed case studies demonstrating practical applications: cultural services in Mexico City’s Metropolitan Forest, Indigenous ecosystem knowledge in Northern Australia, Mediterranean coastal recreation valuation, and the Komi Republic’s socio-ecological assessment in Russia. These cases reveal how SCES assessment can inform more equitable and contextually appropriate environmental management and changing social behavior. The analysis concludes with future directions emphasizing value pluralism, longitudinal studies, technological innovations like big data and virtual reality, and the need for decolonized methodologies that prioritize local knowledge systems. This research advances the integration of social and cultural dimensions into mainstream ecosystem service frameworks for more holistic sustainability outcomes.