This chapter organizes Marx's elaboration on surplus profit. This concept is key to an understanding of the long-term dynamic of capitalism. (Teece, Hall and Rosenberg (eds), Handbook of the economics of innovation, North Holland, Amsterdam, 2010), an author from another theoretical tradition—neo-Schumpeterian—stresses in his discussion of leading innovative firms in contemporary economy how they are engines to obtain “above-normal profits”. This chapter combines Marx’s published and unpublished works on profits, including notebooks with excerpts (particularly B106) focused on the economy of the United States. These excerpts, along with the literature originally reviewed by Marx, examine changes in transport and other ongoing developments in the US economy, referencing major companies such as Standard Oil. Additionally, this chapter explores how Marx’s contributions, as illustrated by a Schumpeterian connection, influenced economic thought in various approaches throughout the twentieth century—an intellectual legacy that we must incorporate into the twenty-first-century scenario.