The Lake Chad wetlands, a critical ecosystem in Central Africa, have experienced severe degradation due to the combined effects of climate change and human activities. This expository review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed literature and reports published between 2000 and 2023, sourced from databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, to analyze the environmental, socioeconomic, and ecological challenges facing the region. The search utilized keywords are “Lake Chad wetlands,” “climate change impacts,” and “socioeconomic vulnerability.” Results indicate a dramatic reduction in the lake’s surface area, estimated at approximately 90%, driven by rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and prolonged droughts. This decline has resulted in significant habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, and a 60% reduction in fish populations, directly impacting the livelihoods of millions. Consequently, food insecurity and socioeconomic instability have exacerbated regional conflicts and displacement. The review highlights the urgent need for integrated, climate-responsive conservation strategies, including nature-based solutions, sustainable water management, and transboundary collaboration, to enhance the resilience of the Lake Chad wetlands and safeguard this vital ecosystem.