Thailand is a diversified nation that has always accommodated several ethnic groups and religious communities. Among these communities, Muslim minorities, particularly those of Malay descent residing in the southern regions, hold significant prominence. The Pattani region has historically been the epicenter of these Muslim minorities. Although it was governed independently during the Pattani Sultanate, it fell under Thai government control in the nineteenth century. The Thai government’s policies, rooted in Buddhist majority identity, posed challenges for Muslim groups striving to maintain their religious and cultural identity. The quest for political and cultural identity among these minorities prompted the emergence of resistance movements against national identity and assimilation initiatives in Thailand. Alongside this political and cultural conflict, Muslim minorities in Thailand have endeavored to create an economic structure rooted on their identity. In the Pattani region, the operations of the halal sectors, especially via microfinance and local foundations, have facilitated the preservation of economic autonomy for Muslims and the advancement of communal development. The advancement of Islamic finance in Thailand has fostered the growth of local Muslim communities and enhanced Thailand’s integration with global Islamic finance markets. The Thai government has exhibited partial flexibility towards the demands of Muslim minorities, integrating Islamic finance into national development policies and establishing an Islamic ministry. This entry analyzes the Muslim minorities in Thailand, their historical context, their quest for autonomy, and the condition of Islamic economics and finance in the area.