This entry provides an analysis of the concept of budget, which originated in England in the seventeenth century, in its contemporary sense through the lens of Islamic economics. The establishment of the Ottoman Empire in 1876, marked by the implementation of the Kanuni Esasi, signaled a pivotal moment in the evolution of budgetary practices. In Islamic governments, the term “budget” was not utilized in Islamic terminology; however, it was effectively implemented through the economic policies enacted throughout the era of the Prophet and the four Caliphs. The collection and distribution of resources such as zakat and jizyah in the early Islamic eras demonstrate that Islamic states that utilized budgeting did so much earlier. In Islamic economics, a budget is predicated on the control of revenues and expenditures, the distribution of resources, and the transparency of economic planning. The distinction in taxation procedures between Muslims and non-Muslims, along with the allocation of expenditures based on Islamic principles, indicates that the budget is based on religious and legal grounds. The relevant verses of the Qur’an explicitly delineate the authorities responsible for collecting and allocating taxes, and legal frameworks have been established. These systems not only facilitate audits of the use of public resources at both the federal and local levels but also ensure the equitable distribution of public goods and services. This historical precedent has enabled Islamic governments to conceptualize budgetary processes earlier than their Western counterparts, thus paving the way for the establishment of fundamental principles guiding the equitable collection and distribution of taxes.