Previous mindful eating scales emphasize the attentional facets of eating-specific mindfulness, while placing less emphasis on the attitude elements of nonjudgment and decentering. The FFaMES was developed to assess both fundamental facets of attention and attitude in the context of mindful eating behaviors. The FFaMES consists of four facets: nonreactance (9 items), nonjudgment (8 items), external awareness (6 items), and internal awareness (6 items). The scale was developed through a multistep process that included (1) the creation of a novel item pool; (2) the examination of the underlying structure of observed variables through an exploratory factor analysis (n = 445); and (3) a verification of these results through a confirmatory factor analysis in a separate sample (n = 445). The FFaMES demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, as well as preliminary convergent and divergent validity. Preliminary results of the FFaMES suggest a clear distinction between the attitude and attention facets of mindful eating behaviors. The assessment of the separate facets of mindful eating will further assist in determining the independent effects and underlying processes that contribute to the effectiveness of mindful eating behaviors on health-related outcomes. Moreover, the FFaMES will facilitate the assessment of the efficacy of attitude components of mindful eating programs. This verification process is a necessary first step in developing mindfulness-specific interventions that are effective at reducing dysregulated eating behaviors associated with obesity and binge eating disorder.

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Four Facet Mindful Eating Scale (FFaMES)

  • Kimberly Carrière,
  • Bärbel Knäuper

摘要

Previous mindful eating scales emphasize the attentional facets of eating-specific mindfulness, while placing less emphasis on the attitude elements of nonjudgment and decentering. The FFaMES was developed to assess both fundamental facets of attention and attitude in the context of mindful eating behaviors. The FFaMES consists of four facets: nonreactance (9 items), nonjudgment (8 items), external awareness (6 items), and internal awareness (6 items). The scale was developed through a multistep process that included (1) the creation of a novel item pool; (2) the examination of the underlying structure of observed variables through an exploratory factor analysis (n = 445); and (3) a verification of these results through a confirmatory factor analysis in a separate sample (n = 445). The FFaMES demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, as well as preliminary convergent and divergent validity. Preliminary results of the FFaMES suggest a clear distinction between the attitude and attention facets of mindful eating behaviors. The assessment of the separate facets of mindful eating will further assist in determining the independent effects and underlying processes that contribute to the effectiveness of mindful eating behaviors on health-related outcomes. Moreover, the FFaMES will facilitate the assessment of the efficacy of attitude components of mindful eating programs. This verification process is a necessary first step in developing mindfulness-specific interventions that are effective at reducing dysregulated eating behaviors associated with obesity and binge eating disorder.