This chapter explores the drivers of food sufficiency and their threats to livelihood sustainability in Nigeria. It specifically focuses on the relationship between innovations toward food sufficiency and sustainable livelihoods in Nigeria, highlighting both the possible transformative impacts and inherent risks in these innovations. This chapter adopts an archival and literature review methodology to assess both macrolevel and microlevel analyses of the innovation-livelihood nexus. Food sufficiency has led to technological and institutional innovations enhancing agricultural productivity, such as drought-tolerant crops, digital platforms, precision farming models, and cooperative farming schemes. While these innovations have led to improved crop yields, wider access to markets, and greater income levels, they also expose the country to significant risks in terms of ecological sustainability, public health, and social equity. Unbridled use of antibiotics in poultry farming and the use of toxic pesticides in agriculture have caused environmental degradation while increasing the risks of antimicrobial resistance and long-term health complications. Moreover, unequal access to these innovations exacerbates prevailing inequalities, particularly among smallholder farmers, women, and youth groups. The work therefore advocates the need for multistakeholder action, policy harmonization, and inclusive approaches in mitigating risks and maximizing the benefits of innovation to unify human, animal, and environmental health as essential to ensuring food sufficiency initiatives for sustainable livelihoods in Nigeria.