The Northeast India (NEI) is often described as the cultural mosaic of India consisting of diverse tribal communities, linguistic, and ethnic identities. It is known to other parts of India and world as the hotpot of ethnic violence, extremism, and insurgency. The region witnessed the emergence of a number of extremist organizations challenging the sovereignty and integrity of the Indian state. Most of the ethnic conflicts in the regions are due to ethnic groups’ desperate attempts to protect their identity, culture, and language. However, ethnicity creates a feeling of otherness, leading to the construction of “us” and “them.” Moreover, the marginalized communities also felt that their community life and values would be threatened with the increasing number of the majority communities from other parts of India. The sense of social marginality in the northeast was articulated with the emergence of new social forces—educated elite, students and youth groups, etc. After independence, India’s constitutional democracy instead of adopting a confrontationist approach followed a policy of accommodation and assimilation. The Constitution of India provides institutional accommodation for tribal communities of Northeast India through various measures like protective discrimination policies. The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution gives special status to the traditional institutions and makes provisions for the creation of autonomous district councils. In some states in the region, the interests of tribal communities are protected by invoking Inner Line Permit (ILP). In spite of all these accommodations, the tribal communities are confronting with multiple kinds of exclusion. The region has a history of deep-rooted identity politics, and ethnic assertion is based on social, culture, linguistic, and political reasoning. The dominant community dominates over the smaller ethnic communities denying their resource share. It witnessed virulent forms of ethnic conflicts that include Bodo-Muslim conflicts in Assam, Khasis-Sikhs conflicts in Meghalaya, Bru-Mizo conflicts in Mizoram, Naga-Kuki and Kuki-Meitei conflicts in Manipur, etc. Such conflicts produced the displacement and deprivation of the minority ethnic communities.