Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and spinal stenosis (LSS) are among the most common causes of back pain and lower extremity symptoms in athletes. LDH results from the displacement of nucleus pulposus material beyond the intervertebral disc space, often compressing adjacent nerve roots. LSS, on the other hand, is characterized by a narrowing of the spinal canal, leading to nerve compression and neurogenic claudication. Athletes engaged in high-impact or repetitive-motion sports are at greater risk of these conditions due to mechanical stress and degenerative changes. Diagnosis relies on clinical history, physical examination, and imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging. Management begins with conservative measures, including physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and injections, with surgery reserved for persistent or severe cases. Microdiscectomy is the preferred surgical approach for LDH, while decompression with or without fusion is considered for LSS. Rehabilitation and return-to-play protocols focus on core stabilization, flexibility, and gradual reintegration into athletic activities. Although surgical outcomes are generally favorable, long-term success depends on individualized rehabilitation and prevention strategies. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of LDH and LSS in athletes, highlighting risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and management approaches to optimize outcomes and minimize recurrence.