The common peroneal nerve is integral for the sensation and function of the lower limb. Notably, the common peroneal nerve and its branches—the superficial and deep—are responsible for ankle and toe dorsiflexion and foot eversion as well as sensation about the anterolateral aspect of the leg and dorsum of the foot. Therefore, injuries to the nerve can have a significant impact on lower limb function. Given the anatomic location of the common peroneal nerve at the knee, it is at risk for injuries due to compression, crush, trauma, or possible iatrogenic injury. Common peroneal nerve injuries are the most prevalent neuropathy of the lower extremity and can affect patients both in trauma and sports. A detailed history and physical examination will help identify location of injury as well as diagnose dysfunction in order to tailor appropriate treatment. A thorough understanding of the anatomic course of the nerve and its branches as well as its innervation is paramount to the diagnosis and treatment strategies after injury. Diagnosis of common peroneal nerve injuries are typically noted on physical examination and confirmed on electromyography or nerve conduction studies. Treatment strategies include nonoperative management such as bracing or therapy or surgical management such as nerve repair, nerve grafting, or nerve or tendon transfers.