Osseous injuries of the hip and proximal femur affect both young and older patients but are most common in the older population following low energy trauma mechanisms. Osteoporosis remains the most important predisposing factor. This entry provides a comprehensive pictorial review of the anatomy of the proximal femur on radiographs and volume rendered computed tomography (CT) images, highlighting some common pitfalls and anatomic variants that may result in errors of interpretation. We discuss the epidemiology, biomechanics, clinical manifestations, radiologic diagnosis, and management of hip dislocations, femoral head and neck fractures, intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric factures, including the diagnostic challenge of stress fractures of the femoral head, neck, and subtrochanteric femur. Special attention is paid to the role of radiographs and advanced imaging techniques such as CT and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and prognostication of fracture stability and patient outcome, with a focus on optimal radiographic technique. We also briefly discuss new and emerging imaging techniques such as dual energy and photon counting CT that will be relevant in the future.