Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Surgical resection is the mainstay of curative treatment. Anatomic lobectomy is the reference standard surgical approach to localized disease. Sublobar resections (wedge, segmentectomy) are acceptable in patients who have marginal cardiopulmonary reserve or in those with appropriately located small tumors or to resect oligometastatic disease. Minimally invasive video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) techniques and robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) are being increasingly utilized and championed over traditional thoracotomy approaches to treat localized NSCLC for the reported benefits of lower operative morbidity, accelerated postoperative recovery, and oncologic equivalence. This chapter reviews the various operative approaches with a focus on the benefits of minimally invasive techniques.