The thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck, regulates metabolism and hormone balance through hormones like T4 and T3, which are essential for growth, neurological development, and energy production. Thyroid diseases affect 10% of the global population, making accurate and up-to-date information on surgical interventions and advancements crucial for improving clinical outcomes. Thyroid gland surgery is a dynamic field that has experienced remarkable advances in diagnosis, surgical techniques, and postoperative management. These include new advances in surgical techniques that improve precision, reduce surgical trauma, and speed up patient recovery, identification of biomarkers, and understanding of the molecular characteristics of tumors that allow for more targeted therapeutic strategies, and incorporation of advanced technologies that improve diagnostic accuracy and efficacy. This review aims to guide healthcare professionals and lay the groundwork for future research and innovative treatments in thyroid surgery.