While the growing adoption of circular economy practices in agriculture offers clear sustainability benefits, it also raises concerns about the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Agricultural systems are recognized as significant environmental reservoirs of resistance determinants due to the widespread use of antibiotics in livestock farming, crop protection and aquaculture. Consequently, agricultural organic waste and wastewater often contain antibiotic residues, resistant microorganisms, and ARGs. From a One Health perspective, AMR dissemination within circular agricultural systems poses a complex challenge that links environmental, animal, and human health. The movement of resistance determinants across soils, water structures, crops, livestock, and human populations highlights the need to address AMR in contexts beyond clinical settings. If circular practices are not properly designed and managed, they may unintentionally promote the persistence and environmental amplification of resistance. Mitigating AMR risks in circular agriculture requires an integrated approach combining environmental chemistry, microbiology, and process engineering in order to improve our understanding of the fate and transformation of antimicrobials and ARGs during waste treatment and reuse. Robust monitoring strategies, advanced treatment technologies, and risk-based regulatory frameworks are essential to ensure that transitions to a circular economy support sustainability while safeguarding public and environmental health.