The widespread use of antibiotics and the extensive application of plastic films in agriculture have led to the increasing co-occurrence of antibiotics and microplastics in the environment. Both are now recognized as environmental contaminants of emerging concern. Their accumulation in agricultural systems raises significant risks for soil function, crop productivity, and food safety. Despite these concerns, knowledge about their interactions and combined effects in agricultural soils remains limited, underscoring the need for further research. This chapter synthesizes current knowledge on the sources and behavior of microplastics and antibiotics, with a particular focus on the role of microplastics as vectors and reservoirs for antibiotics. It reviews their co-occurrence in agricultural soils, summarizes key studies addressing their joint presence, and evaluates their effects on terrestrial biota. By addressing these aspects, the chapter aims to fill critical knowledge gaps and highlight the importance of further investigation in this area.