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Groundwater contamination is a worldwide challenge due to the increasing population and related industrial activities. The remediation of a contaminated site becomes the most effective and cheaper as long as the highest is the resolution of quantitative and qualitative collected data, during site characterization. Groundwater monitoring and sampling strategies’ choices are relevant for water analysis results and contamination modeling. At the same time, aquifer properties, such as hydraulic conductivity (K), play a key role in the contaminant time of travel and in the design of an optimal remediation project such as pump and treat or other types. Low-flow sampling (LFS) is currently the most used methodology in groundwater sampling, consisting of purging water from wells at very low flow rates (in fine-grained soils from 0.1 to 1 L/min) prior to the sampling, which starts when measured chemical-physical parameters reach stabilization. Recent studies demonstrated that this monitoring activity can be useful to the quantitative characterization too. Collecting water-level data during the purging is clearly useful to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. Taking advantage of the monitoring, mainly focused on groundwater quality, it is possible to provide to the stakeholders (of a landfill for instance) a large amount of quantitative data about the aquifer over time, reducing time and costs for site characterization in case of future contamination. In this way, the LFS has the double effect of giving representative groundwater samples and aquifer conductivity. This study aims to investigate from a practical point of view how low-flow sampling is carried out and when it is possible to use it also for aquifer characterization and when not. In the next paragraphs, the larger context of site characterization will be provided. Moreover, what is meant by low-flow conditions during field activities will be exposed and deeply discussed, as well as the conditions required to apply the methodology for the aquifer conductivity estimation.

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Groundwater Monitoring to Improve the Aquifer Characterization: A New Perspective of the Low-Flow Sampling (LFS)

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Francesco Maria De Filippi,
  • Giuseppe Sappa

摘要

Groundwater contamination is a worldwide challenge due to the increasing population and related industrial activities. The remediation of a contaminated site becomes the most effective and cheaper as long as the highest is the resolution of quantitative and qualitative collected data, during site characterization. Groundwater monitoring and sampling strategies’ choices are relevant for water analysis results and contamination modeling. At the same time, aquifer properties, such as hydraulic conductivity (K), play a key role in the contaminant time of travel and in the design of an optimal remediation project such as pump and treat or other types. Low-flow sampling (LFS) is currently the most used methodology in groundwater sampling, consisting of purging water from wells at very low flow rates (in fine-grained soils from 0.1 to 1 L/min) prior to the sampling, which starts when measured chemical-physical parameters reach stabilization. Recent studies demonstrated that this monitoring activity can be useful to the quantitative characterization too. Collecting water-level data during the purging is clearly useful to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. Taking advantage of the monitoring, mainly focused on groundwater quality, it is possible to provide to the stakeholders (of a landfill for instance) a large amount of quantitative data about the aquifer over time, reducing time and costs for site characterization in case of future contamination. In this way, the LFS has the double effect of giving representative groundwater samples and aquifer conductivity. This study aims to investigate from a practical point of view how low-flow sampling is carried out and when it is possible to use it also for aquifer characterization and when not. In the next paragraphs, the larger context of site characterization will be provided. Moreover, what is meant by low-flow conditions during field activities will be exposed and deeply discussed, as well as the conditions required to apply the methodology for the aquifer conductivity estimation.