Marine oil spills pose vital environmental threats to ecosystems with the increase in global oil production. In particular, oil transport by sea constitutes a significant portion of total marine pollution, and this situation leads to toxic effects on marine life, coastal areas, and biodiversity as a result of accidents, operational discharges, and technical failures. In order to eliminate these risks, international conventions such as “OILPOL” and “MARPOL 73/78” have been implemented. Türkiye is at high risk of oil pollution due to its coasts on “special area” status seas such as the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and especially Istanbul (Bosphorus) and Çanakkale (Dardanelles) Straits, the Turkish Straits Sea Area (TSSA), which is a key oil transport route. The presence of oil terminals in the Marmara Sea and heavy vessel traffic in the Turkish Straits System (TSS), governed by the Montreux Convention (1936), reinforces this risk (nearly eightfold increase since 1936). There have been major disasters in Turkish territorial waters, such as the “Independenta” (1979) and “Nassia” (1994) accidents, which involved tens of thousands of tons of oil, with total pollution exceeding 160,000 tons in documented incidents. The main objective of this book chapter is to provide an overview of coastal oil pollution by compiling the oil pollution incidents that have occurred off the coast of Türkiye.