Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to a broad category of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels. This book section explores CVDs linked with atherosclerosis, valvular heart disease, and heart failure. Despite being the leading cause of mortality globally, the last two decades have seen a diverging trend in cardiovascular death rates: while high-income nations report declines, low- and middle-income countries experience rapid increases (Roth et al. 2020). For example, data from 2008 indicate that over 2200 Americans succumb to CVD daily, translating to one death approximately every 39 s.