Hematopoietic neoplasms of the bone encompass a diverse group of malignancies including solitary plasmacytoma of bone, primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the bone, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Rosai-Dorfman disease (WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Soft tissue and bone tumours. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 2020). Unlike primary osseous tumors of mesenchymal origin, hematopoietic neoplasms typically originate in the marrow compartment and may secondarily affect bone integrity through complex cytogenetic and immunophenotypic features. Some of them being relatively rare and may pose diagnostic difficulty and hence delays in treatment. Accurate characterization of the lesions requires a multidisciplinary approach by integrating clinical, imaging, and histopathological data, which is important in timely management. Imaging plays a critical role from initial suspicion, diagnosis, staging, response assessment, and long-term surveillance. Conventional radiography remains a first-line imaging modality but is limited owing to its low sensitivity in detecting early or diffuse marrow disease. Computed tomography improves detection of subtle bone destruction and cortical involvement and is valuable especially in anatomically complex areas difficult to evaluate on radiographs and also for guiding biopsy. Magnetic resonance imaging provides high sensitivity for detecting marrow infiltration and is particularly valuable in evaluating axial skeletal involvement. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography / computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) adds metabolic data and helps to detect metabolically active lesions, even in morphologically normal appearing bone. This chapter brings together some of the core definitions of hematopoietic bone neoplasms with a review of imaging modalities, highlighting their complementary roles in disease detection, characterization, and monitoring.