Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinologic condition and the leading cause of infertility in women. Regarding its etiology, PCOS is a heterogeneous disorder resulting from genetic, environmental, and transgenerational factors. Once the diagnosis of PCOS is established, patients need to get their glucose level, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and other features of metabolic syndrome controlled, therefore reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. Unfortunately, cardiovascular diseases are not the only concern in these patients as PCOS increases the likelihood of several cancers, especially those with gynecological origin. According to the literature, there are no associations between PCOS and the development of breast cancer. However, some mechanisms could propose the increased risk of breast cancer in women with PCOS. Regarding endometrial cancer, a significant number of studies have indicated that there is a positive link between PCOS and endometrial cancer. However, there are controversial results regarding PCOS and ovarian cancer. More epidemiological studies are required to evaluate better the long-term effects of PCOS on the risks of gynecological cancers.