Abstract <p>Some abilities of artificial intelligence (AI) methods application in predicting the outcomes of neurosurgical operations are discussed. The presented approach is based on the analysis of causal similarity as a basis for generation cause-and-effect dependencies initially hidden in accumulated empirical data. The mathematical formalization of this heuristic is constructed by clarifying similarity as a binary algebraic operation used to compare descriptions of precedents and search in them for approximate representation of the causality of target effects—the outcomes of neurosurgical operations. The possibilities of the presented approach are illustrated by the results of an intelligent analysis of real empirical data covering a series of neurosurgical operations of stem tumors performed in 2005–2018 at the Burdenko National Research Neurosurgery Medical Centre (Moscow, Russia).</p>