Abstract <p>This review focuses on the history of the development of medical physics in Russia and Moscow University, highlighting the key developmental milestones. A special emphasis is placed on Moscow University’s historical role in advancing physical methods and technologies in medicine. Prominent ideas of Russian scientists that underlie high-tech medical devices and systems used in medicine are noted, as well as significant moments in the the development of nuclear physics technologies for these purposes. The stages of creation and improvement of high-tech radiation physical installations, methods, and technologies in domestic medicine are described. Trends in the development of radiation technologies in medicine in Russia and worldwide are traced, as well as the needs of Russian healthcare for its sustainable development under the current conditions. The review outlines the state of staffing in this field of medicine and presents the principles of constructing a system for personel training and retraining at Moscow University to facilitate the development and implementation of radiation technologies in medical practice. Finally, an analysis of the trends in the application of nuclear physics methods in Russian medicine is conducted and effective approaches to ensuring the technological independence of our country’s economy are proposed.</p>