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<p>This study investigated the influence of different bio-additives on the performance of lime–pozzolan mortars, considering the combined effects of material type, morphology, and modification techniques. Black pine wood fibers (natural, hydrothermally treated, or chemically modified with siloxane or nano-silica–modified siloxane), black pine wood powder, rice husk fibers, and pine tree resin were incorporated individually and in hybrid systems to evaluate their impact on both fresh and hardened properties (physical, mechanical, and hygrothermal) of the final composites after 90&#xa0;days of curing. In all cases, the bio-addition rate was kept constant at 1.5% v/v for fiber and powder inclusions, and 1.5% w/w for resin-based systems. The incorporation of bio-additives resulted in lighter mortars with reduced capillary water absorption and improved hygrothermal performance, enhancing both thermal insulation and moisture regulation. These effects were inferred to be associated with modifications in pore structure characteristics, including pore size distribution and connectivity, based on the observed transport behavior results, since direct pore characterization techniques were not performed. Pine tree resin exhibited a distinct behavior, significantly reducing thermal conductivity and capillary absorption while maintaining adequate vapour permeability. Although a general reduction in mechanical strength was observed, fiber-reinforced mortars demonstrated improved post-cracking behavior due to crack-bridging mechanisms. Hydrothermal treatment enhanced the mechanical performance of wood fibers, while nano-silica–siloxane treatment improved both thermal performance and post-cracking response. The results underlined the importance of a combined evaluation of bio-material characteristics and their influence on the performance of bio-reinforced mortars. At the same time, they demonstrated the potential of these materials as rendering mortars, repair plasters, repointing mortars, and non-structural conservation materials for historic masonry, provided that compatibility with the original substrate is verified.</p>

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Comparative study of bio-additives’ performance in lime-based mortars

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • P. Kampragkou,
  • M. Stefanidou

摘要

This study investigated the influence of different bio-additives on the performance of lime–pozzolan mortars, considering the combined effects of material type, morphology, and modification techniques. Black pine wood fibers (natural, hydrothermally treated, or chemically modified with siloxane or nano-silica–modified siloxane), black pine wood powder, rice husk fibers, and pine tree resin were incorporated individually and in hybrid systems to evaluate their impact on both fresh and hardened properties (physical, mechanical, and hygrothermal) of the final composites after 90 days of curing. In all cases, the bio-addition rate was kept constant at 1.5% v/v for fiber and powder inclusions, and 1.5% w/w for resin-based systems. The incorporation of bio-additives resulted in lighter mortars with reduced capillary water absorption and improved hygrothermal performance, enhancing both thermal insulation and moisture regulation. These effects were inferred to be associated with modifications in pore structure characteristics, including pore size distribution and connectivity, based on the observed transport behavior results, since direct pore characterization techniques were not performed. Pine tree resin exhibited a distinct behavior, significantly reducing thermal conductivity and capillary absorption while maintaining adequate vapour permeability. Although a general reduction in mechanical strength was observed, fiber-reinforced mortars demonstrated improved post-cracking behavior due to crack-bridging mechanisms. Hydrothermal treatment enhanced the mechanical performance of wood fibers, while nano-silica–siloxane treatment improved both thermal performance and post-cracking response. The results underlined the importance of a combined evaluation of bio-material characteristics and their influence on the performance of bio-reinforced mortars. At the same time, they demonstrated the potential of these materials as rendering mortars, repair plasters, repointing mortars, and non-structural conservation materials for historic masonry, provided that compatibility with the original substrate is verified.