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<p>This research investigates the potential utilization of rice husk ash (RHA), an agricultural by-product, in lime-based mortars for the conservation of cultural heritage. While RHA has been extensively studied as a supplementary cementitious material in the construction sector, its application in lime-based mortars for the conservation of historic surfaces remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, the research was structured into three phases: (i) production and characterization of RHAs calcined at 500–800&#xa0;°C; (ii) evaluation of their pozzolanic reactivity in lime pastes; and (iii) formulation and testing of RHA-based mortars. Physico-chemical and microstructural characterization (XRD, XRF, LOI, SEM–EDS, BET) showed that RHA remains predominantly amorphous up to 700&#xa0;°C, with silica contents above 87%. Among the investigated ashes, RHA calcined at 500&#xa0;°C (RHA500) exhibited the highest specific surface area and the greatest pozzolanic reactivity, as confirmed by TGA, FT-IR, and SEM–EDS analyses, which highlighted rapid portlandite consumption and C–S–H formation. Based on these results, lime mortars were prepared with 10–50 wt% replacement of hydrated lime by RHA500 and cured under standard and humid conditions. After 28&#xa0;days, the hardened specimens underwent an experimental program including colorimetric analysis, capillary water absorption and drying behaviour, ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements, bulk density determination, salt crystallization resistance, compressive and flexural strength testing and carbonation depth evaluation. Results were compared with reference air-lime and NHL 3.5 mortars. Data demonstrate that lime-RHA mortars exhibit promising performance, in several cases comparable to that of NHL 3.5 reference mortars, highlighting their potential as compatible and sustainable repair materials for heritage conservation.</p>

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Development of sustainable hydraulic lime mortars with the incorporation of rice husk ash for the conservation of cultural heritage

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Maria Antonietta Zicarelli,
  • Marta Caroselli,
  • Francesco Parisi,
  • Michela Ricca,
  • Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo,
  • Mauro Francesco La Russa

摘要

This research investigates the potential utilization of rice husk ash (RHA), an agricultural by-product, in lime-based mortars for the conservation of cultural heritage. While RHA has been extensively studied as a supplementary cementitious material in the construction sector, its application in lime-based mortars for the conservation of historic surfaces remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, the research was structured into three phases: (i) production and characterization of RHAs calcined at 500–800 °C; (ii) evaluation of their pozzolanic reactivity in lime pastes; and (iii) formulation and testing of RHA-based mortars. Physico-chemical and microstructural characterization (XRD, XRF, LOI, SEM–EDS, BET) showed that RHA remains predominantly amorphous up to 700 °C, with silica contents above 87%. Among the investigated ashes, RHA calcined at 500 °C (RHA500) exhibited the highest specific surface area and the greatest pozzolanic reactivity, as confirmed by TGA, FT-IR, and SEM–EDS analyses, which highlighted rapid portlandite consumption and C–S–H formation. Based on these results, lime mortars were prepared with 10–50 wt% replacement of hydrated lime by RHA500 and cured under standard and humid conditions. After 28 days, the hardened specimens underwent an experimental program including colorimetric analysis, capillary water absorption and drying behaviour, ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements, bulk density determination, salt crystallization resistance, compressive and flexural strength testing and carbonation depth evaluation. Results were compared with reference air-lime and NHL 3.5 mortars. Data demonstrate that lime-RHA mortars exhibit promising performance, in several cases comparable to that of NHL 3.5 reference mortars, highlighting their potential as compatible and sustainable repair materials for heritage conservation.