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<p>Aga-soil, a siliceous limestone traditionally compacted into Tibetan roofs and floors (“Da Aga”), lacks cementitious properties and thus exhibits poor water resistance, necessitating clarification of its hardening mechanism and improvement of its performance. Microstructural analysis of 300-year-old Aga-soil concretes from the Potala Palace revealed that hardening resulted from clay particle bonding, salt-induced coagulation and crystallization, and surface polishing with organic additives, which together enhanced strength and durability. To modernize this material, three types Aga-soil cements(AC) were developed using Aga-soil, calcined Aga-soil, and volcanic ash. Six calcination regimes were assessed, with 1000 ℃ for 3 h identified as optimal. Hydration analysis indicated that AC2 (composed of Aga-soil, calcined Aga-soil, and clinker) derived strength mainly from Monocarboaluminate (Mc) hydrate, whereas AVC2 (composed of Aga-soil, volcanic-ash, calcined Aga-soil, and clinker) and AVC (composed of Aga-soil, volcanic-ash, and calcined Aga-soil) relied on early ettringite(AFt) formation and subsequent densification by C–S–H and C–A–S–H gels. Optimized AVC achieved a threefold increase in 28-day compressive strength compared with calcined Aga-soil alone, while carbon emissions were reduced to 341.1 kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq./tonne, 38% lower than LC3. These results demonstrate that the compositional design of AC not only preserves the cultural features of traditional Tibetan Aga-soil concretes but also enables modern casting processes, delivering enhanced performance with substantially reduced carbon emissions.</p>

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Investigation of the contact hardening mechanism of Tibetan Aga-soil concrete and the design methodology of modern low-carbon Aga-soil cement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Weifeng Liu,
  • Hongfa Yu,
  • Haiyan Ma,
  • Yamei Zang,
  • Chengyou Wu,
  • Yanbing Zhao,
  • Lingyu Li,
  • Sunhui Xu,
  • Honglei Zhang,
  • Mingyang Lu,
  • Yufei Wu,
  • Suolang Baimu

摘要

Aga-soil, a siliceous limestone traditionally compacted into Tibetan roofs and floors (“Da Aga”), lacks cementitious properties and thus exhibits poor water resistance, necessitating clarification of its hardening mechanism and improvement of its performance. Microstructural analysis of 300-year-old Aga-soil concretes from the Potala Palace revealed that hardening resulted from clay particle bonding, salt-induced coagulation and crystallization, and surface polishing with organic additives, which together enhanced strength and durability. To modernize this material, three types Aga-soil cements(AC) were developed using Aga-soil, calcined Aga-soil, and volcanic ash. Six calcination regimes were assessed, with 1000 ℃ for 3 h identified as optimal. Hydration analysis indicated that AC2 (composed of Aga-soil, calcined Aga-soil, and clinker) derived strength mainly from Monocarboaluminate (Mc) hydrate, whereas AVC2 (composed of Aga-soil, volcanic-ash, calcined Aga-soil, and clinker) and AVC (composed of Aga-soil, volcanic-ash, and calcined Aga-soil) relied on early ettringite(AFt) formation and subsequent densification by C–S–H and C–A–S–H gels. Optimized AVC achieved a threefold increase in 28-day compressive strength compared with calcined Aga-soil alone, while carbon emissions were reduced to 341.1 kg CO2 eq./tonne, 38% lower than LC3. These results demonstrate that the compositional design of AC not only preserves the cultural features of traditional Tibetan Aga-soil concretes but also enables modern casting processes, delivering enhanced performance with substantially reduced carbon emissions.