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<p>Bio-concrete has emerged as a sustainable material for enhancing cement composites' durability and reducing repair costs. However, traditional methods often rely on long-term nutrient additives, leading to high costs and environmental concerns. This study introduces a cost-effective approach using <i>Bacillus spizizenii</i> (<i>B. spizizenii</i>) to improve cement composites without long-term nutrients. The focus is on mitigating early-stage construction defects, such as porosity from improper vibration and thermal shock, by leveraging the short-term activity of bacteria. Mortar specimens with varying percentages of bacteria, calcium hydroxide, and calcium lactate were tested under three porosity conditions: compacted, low porosity, and high porosity, simulating real-world construction flaws. Results revealed a positive correlation between bacterial activity and compressive strength. Compressive strength increased by 12% in compacted specimens (40.00 to 44.61&#xa0;MPa), 18% in low-porosity specimens (38.13 to 44.83&#xa0;MPa), and 17% in high-porosity specimens (32.24 to 37.75&#xa0;MPa). Chemical analyses, including FTIR, OD600, pH monitoring, and UV–Vis tests, showed bacteria remained active for 7&#xa0;days, reducing porosity and improving strength. <i>B. spizizenii</i>, a less common bacterium for bio-concrete, is economical and sustainable, requiring fewer nutrients, growing faster, and thriving without expensive culture media. Its simpler structure makes it more adaptable and resilient in harsh environments, offering a practical solution for real-world construction challenges. This study highlights <i>B. spizizenii’s</i> potential as an innovative approach to address early-stage construction defects in cement composites, positioning it as a promising tool for sustainable construction.</p>

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Mitigating early construction defects in cement composites using Bacillus spizizenii without long-term nutrients: a cost-effective and sustainable approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Ali A. Shakeri,
  • Sadegh Dardaei,
  • Fariborz M. Tehrani

摘要

Bio-concrete has emerged as a sustainable material for enhancing cement composites' durability and reducing repair costs. However, traditional methods often rely on long-term nutrient additives, leading to high costs and environmental concerns. This study introduces a cost-effective approach using Bacillus spizizenii (B. spizizenii) to improve cement composites without long-term nutrients. The focus is on mitigating early-stage construction defects, such as porosity from improper vibration and thermal shock, by leveraging the short-term activity of bacteria. Mortar specimens with varying percentages of bacteria, calcium hydroxide, and calcium lactate were tested under three porosity conditions: compacted, low porosity, and high porosity, simulating real-world construction flaws. Results revealed a positive correlation between bacterial activity and compressive strength. Compressive strength increased by 12% in compacted specimens (40.00 to 44.61 MPa), 18% in low-porosity specimens (38.13 to 44.83 MPa), and 17% in high-porosity specimens (32.24 to 37.75 MPa). Chemical analyses, including FTIR, OD600, pH monitoring, and UV–Vis tests, showed bacteria remained active for 7 days, reducing porosity and improving strength. B. spizizenii, a less common bacterium for bio-concrete, is economical and sustainable, requiring fewer nutrients, growing faster, and thriving without expensive culture media. Its simpler structure makes it more adaptable and resilient in harsh environments, offering a practical solution for real-world construction challenges. This study highlights B. spizizenii’s potential as an innovative approach to address early-stage construction defects in cement composites, positioning it as a promising tool for sustainable construction.