<p>The anchor design for Low-Carbon Concretes still lacks parameters that link microchemistry to structural performance. This work introduces a microstructural coefficient <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>η</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, defined from gel density and interfacial porosity of the N-A - S-H / C - A - S-H networks, to extend the classical Tepfers. The analytical derivation shows that <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>η</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> multiplies the circumferential stress solution without altering its geometric scale, predicting a linear increase in initial stiffness and anchor energy. Three-dimensional bar–matrix contact simulations (<span>FEniCS</span>) for <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta =1.0-1.6\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>η</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.0</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1.6</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and two cover ratios <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda = d/c = 0.20,\;0.14\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.20</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>0.14</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> confirmed this prediction within&#xa0;3&#xa0;% for peak hoop stress and&#xa0;2&#xa0;% for secant stiffness. A <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2\times 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> factorial pull-out program on fly-ash concretes (two covers, three Si / Al ratios) experimentally validated the proportionality <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K_{\text {exp}} = \eta K_{0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mtext>exp</mtext> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>η</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> experimentally; two-way ANOVA ranked gel chemistry as the dominant factor, explaining up to&#xa0;93&#xa0;% of stiffness variance at 28&#xa0;days, while residual errors remained negligible. The metric sweeps of the fracture number <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>κ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and the friction number <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{Re}_{\mu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>Re</mtext> <mi>μ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> confirmed that <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>η</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> governs the stiffness, <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>κ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> controls the post-peak toughness and <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{Re}_{\mu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>Re</mtext> <mi>μ</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> scales the residual plateau, delineating a domain of validity of <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta \le 1.6\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>η</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1.6</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa \ge 0.004\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0.004</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.12\le \lambda \le 0.25\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.12</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0.25</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These convergent results demonstrate that a single parameter captures the chemomechanical enhancement of alkali-activated concretes, providing a direct calibration rule that can be incorporated into future revisions of the ACI&#xa0;323 Low-Carbon Concrete code.</p>

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Microstructural \(\eta\): chemical–mechanical bridge for anchorage design in alkali–activated concretes

  • Robinson Rúa-Patiño,
  • Ary A. Hoyos-Montilla,
  • Jorge I. Tobón

摘要

The anchor design for Low-Carbon Concretes still lacks parameters that link microchemistry to structural performance. This work introduces a microstructural coefficient \(\eta\) η , defined from gel density and interfacial porosity of the N-A - S-H / C - A - S-H networks, to extend the classical Tepfers. The analytical derivation shows that \(\eta\) η multiplies the circumferential stress solution without altering its geometric scale, predicting a linear increase in initial stiffness and anchor energy. Three-dimensional bar–matrix contact simulations (FEniCS) for \(\eta =1.0-1.6\) η = 1.0 - 1.6 and two cover ratios \(\lambda = d/c = 0.20,\;0.14\) λ = d / c = 0.20 , 0.14 confirmed this prediction within 3 % for peak hoop stress and 2 % for secant stiffness. A \(2\times 3\) 2 × 3 factorial pull-out program on fly-ash concretes (two covers, three Si / Al ratios) experimentally validated the proportionality \(K_{\text {exp}} = \eta K_{0}\) K exp = η K 0 experimentally; two-way ANOVA ranked gel chemistry as the dominant factor, explaining up to 93 % of stiffness variance at 28 days, while residual errors remained negligible. The metric sweeps of the fracture number \(\kappa\) κ and the friction number \(\textrm{Re}_{\mu }\) Re μ confirmed that \(\eta\) η governs the stiffness, \(\kappa\) κ controls the post-peak toughness and \(\textrm{Re}_{\mu }\) Re μ scales the residual plateau, delineating a domain of validity of \(\eta \le 1.6\) η 1.6 , \(\kappa \ge 0.004\) κ 0.004 , \(0.12\le \lambda \le 0.25\) 0.12 λ 0.25 . These convergent results demonstrate that a single parameter captures the chemomechanical enhancement of alkali-activated concretes, providing a direct calibration rule that can be incorporated into future revisions of the ACI 323 Low-Carbon Concrete code.