<p>Fatigue resistance performance has always been a key focus of research on recycled asphalt mixtures, as it is crucial for the long-term road performance during actual service. This study aims to propose a systematic structural design method for recycled asphalt pavement. Specifically, the dynamic modulus and fatigue tests are conducted to investigate the tension-compression anisotropy of recycled asphalt mixtures. A viscoelastic continuum damage model is employed to analyze the effects of layer thickness, axle load, and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) content on the evolution of fatigue damage. To further guide structural design, a fatigue life equivalence method is introduced. The results reveal that the ranking of fatigue life for mixtures with varying RAP contents exhibits an inverse trend between tensile and compressive directions. The standard fatigue damage curve is established by analyzing the evolution of pseudo-stiffness throughout the fatigue cycle. Based on the principle of fatigue life equivalence between recycled and newly constructed structural layers, adjustments to the recycled layer thickness and RAP content are proposed to satisfy the fatigue life requirements of newly built asphalt pavements. Finally, an extrapolation method requiring minimal computational data is introduced to predict fatigue life, and its effectiveness is verified. This study provides a robust framework for the structural design of recycled asphalt pavements, offering practical guidance for enhancing pavement performance and sustainability.</p>