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<p>The increasing demand for eco-efficient construction drives the search for alternatives that reduce clinker use in cement. LC<sup>3</sup> cement, which uses calcined clay and limestone to partially replace clinker, shows excellent mechanical performance but presents rheological challenges such as high yield stress, increased viscosity, and greater water demand. Understanding the factors affecting LC<sup>3</sup> rheology is key for developing technologies to adapt it to market needs. This study reviews recent research to identify key factors influencing LC<sup>3</sup> rheology, including the morphology of calcined clay particles, flocculation tendency, zeta potential, particle packing, LC<sup>3</sup> reactivity, and admixture sorption in expansive clays. The findings suggest that optimizing LC<sup>3</sup> formulations can enhance its rheological performance. Additionally, using industrial waste as supplementary materials shows potential for modifying LC<sup>3</sup>’s rheology, and LC<sup>3</sup> has promising applications in 3D-printed mortars, where its rheological properties can be adjusted for extrusion and buildability.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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The influence of LC3 on the rheology of cementitious matrices: a systematic review of key rheological impact characteristics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月29日

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  • Ariel Miranda de Souza,
  • José Maria Franco de Carvalho,
  • Gabriela Moreira Silva,
  • Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti,
  • Guilherme Jorge Brigolini Silva,
  • Ricardo André Fiorotti Peixoto

摘要

The increasing demand for eco-efficient construction drives the search for alternatives that reduce clinker use in cement. LC3 cement, which uses calcined clay and limestone to partially replace clinker, shows excellent mechanical performance but presents rheological challenges such as high yield stress, increased viscosity, and greater water demand. Understanding the factors affecting LC3 rheology is key for developing technologies to adapt it to market needs. This study reviews recent research to identify key factors influencing LC3 rheology, including the morphology of calcined clay particles, flocculation tendency, zeta potential, particle packing, LC3 reactivity, and admixture sorption in expansive clays. The findings suggest that optimizing LC3 formulations can enhance its rheological performance. Additionally, using industrial waste as supplementary materials shows potential for modifying LC3’s rheology, and LC3 has promising applications in 3D-printed mortars, where its rheological properties can be adjusted for extrusion and buildability.

Graphical abstract