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<p>The rapid expansion of green hydrogen heightens the need for sustainable water sources, positioning seawater as a compelling feedstock for solar-driven hydrogen production. Photoelectrochemical seawater splitting (PESS) offers an integrated photon-to-fuel approach but remains constrained by seawater’s intrinsic chemical complexity. High chloride concentrations introduce competitive chlorine evolution and accelerate corrosion, while multivalent ions, biofouling, and precipitation impose additional barriers to charge transfer and long-term durability. Recent advances in semiconductors, cocatalysts, and ultrathin protection layers have improved the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) selectivity and chloride tolerance, yet stability remains limited under realistic hydrodynamic and environmental conditions. At the device scale, mass-transport management, flow-cell engineering, and desalination-PEC coupling emerge as critical determinants of performance and scalability. This review focuses on fundamental principles, materials innovations, and system-level strategies, identifies persistent knowledge gaps, and outlines research priorities needed to achieve selective, corrosion-resistant, and deployment-relevant PESS for sustainable hydrogen production from natural seawater.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Photoelectrocatalytic seawater splitting for sustainable hydrogen production: Catalysts, challenges and future directions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月1日

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  • Shi-Tian Xiao,
  • Touraj Karimpour,
  • Si-Ming Wu,
  • Sanjay Mathur,
  • Xiao-Yu Yang

摘要

The rapid expansion of green hydrogen heightens the need for sustainable water sources, positioning seawater as a compelling feedstock for solar-driven hydrogen production. Photoelectrochemical seawater splitting (PESS) offers an integrated photon-to-fuel approach but remains constrained by seawater’s intrinsic chemical complexity. High chloride concentrations introduce competitive chlorine evolution and accelerate corrosion, while multivalent ions, biofouling, and precipitation impose additional barriers to charge transfer and long-term durability. Recent advances in semiconductors, cocatalysts, and ultrathin protection layers have improved the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) selectivity and chloride tolerance, yet stability remains limited under realistic hydrodynamic and environmental conditions. At the device scale, mass-transport management, flow-cell engineering, and desalination-PEC coupling emerge as critical determinants of performance and scalability. This review focuses on fundamental principles, materials innovations, and system-level strategies, identifies persistent knowledge gaps, and outlines research priorities needed to achieve selective, corrosion-resistant, and deployment-relevant PESS for sustainable hydrogen production from natural seawater.

Graphical abstract