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<p>Hydroxyapatite (HA) is valued for biomedical use due to its biocompatibility and physicochemical properties. Although sulfate ions have biological relevance, reports on sulfated hydroxyapatites are limited, and nanoemulsion synthesis of hydroxyapatite remains underreported. This study employed nanoemulsion synthesis to prepare sulfated and non-sulfated copper-doped carbonated HA (SCHACu and CHACu). XRD showed Cu doping in CHACu increased crystallinity (45.61–73.70%), whereas SCHACu exhibited reduced crystallinity (29.55–22.69%) due to sulfate-induced disorder. DLS indicated that Cu increased particle size (82.30–88.60&#xa0;nm) and narrowed the distribution, whereas sulfate reduced particle size (79.13–74.78&#xa0;nm) and broadened it. FTIR analysis revealed sulfate-induced band broadening, while Cu incorporation produced sharper bands. Photoluminescence showed a red shift in CHACu with increased purity, while SCHACu purity decreased at higher doping levels. Antioxidant activity improved with doping, and cytocompatibility remained above 80%. Nanoemulsion synthesis represents a promising strategy for tailoring sulfated carbonated HA with improved biomedical performance.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Photoluminescence, antioxidant, and cytocompatibility characteristics of nanoemulsion-synthesized sulfated copper-doped carbonated hydroxyapatite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Daniel G. Adekanmi,
  • C. R. Garcia,
  • T. A. Afolabi,
  • B. R. Cruz-Ortiz,
  • S. C. Esparza-Gonzalez,
  • J. G. Bocarando Chacón,
  • C. M. Lopez-Badillo

摘要

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is valued for biomedical use due to its biocompatibility and physicochemical properties. Although sulfate ions have biological relevance, reports on sulfated hydroxyapatites are limited, and nanoemulsion synthesis of hydroxyapatite remains underreported. This study employed nanoemulsion synthesis to prepare sulfated and non-sulfated copper-doped carbonated HA (SCHACu and CHACu). XRD showed Cu doping in CHACu increased crystallinity (45.61–73.70%), whereas SCHACu exhibited reduced crystallinity (29.55–22.69%) due to sulfate-induced disorder. DLS indicated that Cu increased particle size (82.30–88.60 nm) and narrowed the distribution, whereas sulfate reduced particle size (79.13–74.78 nm) and broadened it. FTIR analysis revealed sulfate-induced band broadening, while Cu incorporation produced sharper bands. Photoluminescence showed a red shift in CHACu with increased purity, while SCHACu purity decreased at higher doping levels. Antioxidant activity improved with doping, and cytocompatibility remained above 80%. Nanoemulsion synthesis represents a promising strategy for tailoring sulfated carbonated HA with improved biomedical performance.

Graphical abstract