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<p>An exfoliation process for g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was investigated to increase its specific surface area and enhance its photocatalytic activity in the degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye. The exfoliation was carried out via ultrasonic homogenization, varying the frequency generation powers (130, 150, and 180 Watts). The base material exhibited a specific surface area of 10 m<sup>2&#xa0;</sup>g<sup>−1</sup>, which increased to 112 m<sup>2&#xa0;</sup>g<sup>−1</sup> after exfoliation. Degradation tests of IC were performed and evaluated using UV–Vis spectroscopy and TOC analysis to study photocatalytic activity. Scavenger and recyclability tests were conducted to monitor the process and identify the main oxidizing species. Complete degradation (100%) of the IC dye and 50% mineralization were achieved using the sample with the best photocatalytic properties, i.e., the sample exfoliated at 180 Watts. Superoxide (O<sub>2</sub><sup><b>.</b></sup><b>⁻</b>) was identified as the predominant reactive species. Recyclability tests demonstrate 75% efficiency after four cycles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhancement of the specific surface area of g-C3N4 by ultrasonic exfoliation to improve its photocatalytic properties in removing indigo carmine in aqueous medium

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • D. A. Ortiz-Ramírez,
  • D. B. Hernández-Uresti,
  • R. Alfaro-Cruz,
  • D. Sánchez-Martínez

摘要

An exfoliation process for g-C3N4 was investigated to increase its specific surface area and enhance its photocatalytic activity in the degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye. The exfoliation was carried out via ultrasonic homogenization, varying the frequency generation powers (130, 150, and 180 Watts). The base material exhibited a specific surface area of 10 m2 g−1, which increased to 112 m2 g−1 after exfoliation. Degradation tests of IC were performed and evaluated using UV–Vis spectroscopy and TOC analysis to study photocatalytic activity. Scavenger and recyclability tests were conducted to monitor the process and identify the main oxidizing species. Complete degradation (100%) of the IC dye and 50% mineralization were achieved using the sample with the best photocatalytic properties, i.e., the sample exfoliated at 180 Watts. Superoxide (O2.⁻) was identified as the predominant reactive species. Recyclability tests demonstrate 75% efficiency after four cycles.

Graphical abstract