<p>The development of energy storage devices with high energy density, environmental compatibility, and cost-effectiveness requires strategies to overcome the intrinsic structural instabilities of LiMn₂O₄. In this work, a chemical doping approach based on aluminum metal diffusion via thermal annealing was investigated to suppress the Jahn–Teller distortion in LiMn₂O₄ thin-film cathodes. Cyclic voltammetry revealed the characteristic high-voltage redox couple of LiMn₂O₄ (3.9–4.2&#xa0;V vs. Li/Li⁺), but also displayed electrochemical activity in the lower voltage range (2.6–3.1&#xa0;V), indicative of a persistent Jahn–Teller distortion. Charge–discharge measurements yielded specific capacities (30 to 100 mAh g⁻<sup>1</sup>) below the theoretical value of 148 mAh g⁻<sup>1</sup> and lower than the ~ 119 mAh g⁻<sup>1</sup> reported in previous studies. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed lithium-ion diffusion coefficients in the range of 10⁻⁹–10⁻<sup>11</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;s⁻<sup>1</sup>, consistent with typical LiMn₂O₄ values but without evidence of enhanced transport kinetics from aluminum diffusion. These results suggest that diffusion-driven doping via thermal annealing is insufficient to mitigate the Jahn–Teller effect in LiMn₂O₄, highlighting the need for alternative doping strategies.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Electrochemical evaluation of aluminum-diffused LiMn₂O₄ thin-film cathodes prepared by RF magnetron sputtering

  • Joao Trujillo,
  • F. Ambriz-Vargas,
  • F. Morales-Morales,
  • R. Garza-Hernández,
  • J. S. Martínez-Flores,
  • S. Rodriguez-Carrera,
  • D. A. Medina-Sánchez

摘要

The development of energy storage devices with high energy density, environmental compatibility, and cost-effectiveness requires strategies to overcome the intrinsic structural instabilities of LiMn₂O₄. In this work, a chemical doping approach based on aluminum metal diffusion via thermal annealing was investigated to suppress the Jahn–Teller distortion in LiMn₂O₄ thin-film cathodes. Cyclic voltammetry revealed the characteristic high-voltage redox couple of LiMn₂O₄ (3.9–4.2 V vs. Li/Li⁺), but also displayed electrochemical activity in the lower voltage range (2.6–3.1 V), indicative of a persistent Jahn–Teller distortion. Charge–discharge measurements yielded specific capacities (30 to 100 mAh g⁻1) below the theoretical value of 148 mAh g⁻1 and lower than the ~ 119 mAh g⁻1 reported in previous studies. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed lithium-ion diffusion coefficients in the range of 10⁻⁹–10⁻11 cm2 s⁻1, consistent with typical LiMn₂O₄ values but without evidence of enhanced transport kinetics from aluminum diffusion. These results suggest that diffusion-driven doping via thermal annealing is insufficient to mitigate the Jahn–Teller effect in LiMn₂O₄, highlighting the need for alternative doping strategies.

Graphical abstract