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<p>In four-dimensional (4D) printing utilizing fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology, programming is often accomplished by modifying inherent forming parameters. However, external cutting grid angles can be employed for programming effects. This study investigates the effects of altering grid angles by means of cutting on the thermal deformation behavior of FDM-printed polylactic acid (PLA)-based structures. The findings suggest that the cutting angle significantly influences the deformation behavior. As a result of variations in boundary adhesion and thermal history, the inner diameters of the cut strips are often greater than those of the strips that are printed directly. Additionally, the investigations demonstrated that bilayer strips printed on a substrate with a temperature of 25&#xa0;℃ display a rebound phenomenon when immersed in hot water. The extent of the rebound is shown to be directly proportional to the cutting angle. Controlling the cutting angle in 4D printing provides an effective way to program complex shape conversion without additional material modification. Our method can realize precise direction control of deformation through postprocessing.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Research on the self-deformation characteristics of 4D-printed PLA guided by cutting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月9日

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  • Liulan Lin,
  • Shaolong Qiu,
  • Jiajie Yan

摘要

In four-dimensional (4D) printing utilizing fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology, programming is often accomplished by modifying inherent forming parameters. However, external cutting grid angles can be employed for programming effects. This study investigates the effects of altering grid angles by means of cutting on the thermal deformation behavior of FDM-printed polylactic acid (PLA)-based structures. The findings suggest that the cutting angle significantly influences the deformation behavior. As a result of variations in boundary adhesion and thermal history, the inner diameters of the cut strips are often greater than those of the strips that are printed directly. Additionally, the investigations demonstrated that bilayer strips printed on a substrate with a temperature of 25 ℃ display a rebound phenomenon when immersed in hot water. The extent of the rebound is shown to be directly proportional to the cutting angle. Controlling the cutting angle in 4D printing provides an effective way to program complex shape conversion without additional material modification. Our method can realize precise direction control of deformation through postprocessing.

Graphical abstract